d680c458d3
^,,Byerly,,,C.,,Almost,,,like,,,small,,,adults,,,with,,,big,,,muscles,,,and,,,generous,,,breasts,,,,characters,,,already,,,determine,,,gender,,,at,,,a,,,very,,,early,,,age.,,,^,,,Tuchman,,,,Gaye;,,,Kaplan,,,Daniels,,,,Arlene;,,,Bent,,,,James,,,(1978).,,,USA:,,,Sage,,,Publications.,,,E.;,,,Bogers,,,,Sanne;,,,Kloosterman,,,,Monique,,,(2010).,,,Hunt,,,2000,,,The,,Televised,,Sports,,Manhood,,Formula,,,Sport,,and,,Social,,Issues,,,^,,a,,b,,c,,d,,Knight,,,Jennifer,,L.;,,Giuliano,,,Traci,,A.,,^,,Paek,,,Hye-Jin;,,Nelson,,,Michelle,,R.;,,Vilela,,,Alexandra,,M.,,In,,its,,final,,report[citation,,needed],,on,,the,,assimilation,,of,,sexist,,stereotypes,,by,,youths,,,the,,French,,government,,describes,,three,,types,,of,,clichs:,,First,,,the,,report,,points,,out,,the,,systematic,,behavior,,dedicated,,to,,women,,and,,to,,men;,,secondly,,,it,,stresses,,the,,way,,men,,and,,women,,are,,qualified,,in,,the,,media;,,and,,finally,,,the,,report,,observes,,that,,the,,shooting,,techniques,,reflect,,a,,biased,,vision,,of,,gender.,,

^,,Vigorito,,,Anthony,,J.;,,Curry,,,Timothy,,J.,,ISBN978-0-415-39661-5.,,(2001).,,Frequently,,,magazines,,,also,,,entertain,,,the,,,theme,,,of,,,commodification,,,,which,,,is,,,"the,,,selling,,,of,,,cultural,,,,sexual,,,,or,,,gender,,,differences,,,in,,,a,,,way,,,that,,,supports,,,institutionalized,,,discrimination.",,,[3],,,An,,,example,,,of,,,commodification,,,could,,,be,,,an,,,online,,,dating,,,site,,,,because,,,the,,,users,,,are,,,then,,,thought,,,of,,,as,,,being,,,"bought",,,or,,,"purchased.",,,Another,,,theme,,,is,,,the,,,sexualization,,,of,,,both,,,men,,,and,,,women.,,,Another,,study,,showed,,that,,"both,,male,,and,,female,,characters,,were,,portrayed,,stereotypically.,,Some,,,of,,,the,,,most,,,common,,,topics,,,that,,,appear,,,on,,,these,,,magazines,,,include,,,photo-shoots,,,of,,,women,,,(usually,,,semi-clothed,,,and,,,topless),,,,advice,,,on,,,how,,,to,,,get,,,along,,,with,,,women,,,,be,,,better,,,in,,,bed,,,,and,,,other,,,advice,,,on,,,relationships,,,with,,,women,,,cars,,,,gadgets,,,,and,,,sports,,,,grooming,,,advice,,,,and,,,advice,,,on,,,addictions.,,,Men,,,are,,,frequently,,,presented,,,as,,,the,,,central,,,figure,,,in,,,the,,,ads,,,,and,,,women,,,are,,,just,,,accompanying,,,them.[20],,,Men,,,are,,,usually,,,portrayed,,,with,,,more,,,authority,,,and,,,proficiency,,,than,,,women.[20],,,The,,,results,,,of,,,research,,,about,,,this,,,were,,,that,,,in,,,advertising,,,over,,,85%,,,of,,,voiceovers,,,were,,,men.,,,Compared,,to,,female,,characters,,,male,,characters,,were,,given,,much,,more,,prominence,,,appeared,,more,,frequently,,,engaged,,in,,more,,of,,almost,,all,,of,,the,,noted,,behaviors,,,and,,talked,,significantly,,more."[16],,However,,,this,,study,,also,,attested,,that,,after,,1980,,there,,has,,been,,a,,significant,,change,,"toward,,a,,less,,stereotypical,,portrayal,,of,,the,,characters,,,particularly,,female,,characters."[16].,,While,,the,,gaze,,targets,,the,,negative,,affects,,of,,women,,,it,,also,,creates,,a,,negative,,view,,of,,men.,,

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